TRADE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN LLDCS: A CASE OF MONGOLIA

Abstract

International trade and sustainable development in landlocked developing countries are interdependent, and barriers to cross-border trade can be a major obstacle to sustainable development. High transportation costs and limited market access due to geographical location prevent landlocked developing countries from keeping up with the global market. In Mongolia, 93.2% of exports are mining
commodities, the majority of which are exported to neighboring China, which makes the Mongolian economy dependent on a single country and source, which poses the potential risks. The study examined the impact of tariffs and non-tariff measures on trade and unemployment in landlocked developing countries such as Mongolia, Ethiopia, Malawi, Zambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Botswana, and landlocked developed countries such as Switzerland and Liechtenstein, based on quantitative evidence.