Politology

МОНГОЛ УЛС ДАХЬ УЛС ТӨРИЙН ШИНЖЛЭХ УХААНЫ СУРГАЛТ, СУДАЛГААНЫ ТӨВ - МУИС-ИЙН УЛС ТӨР СУДЛАЛЫН ТЭНХИМИЙН ЭРДЭМ ШИНЖИЛГЭЭНИЙ БҮТЭЭЛИЙН ТОВЧ ТОЙМ

Ж Төртогтох, Д Уртнасан, Г Баярчимэг — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

Within the frame of this article, the purpose of summarize a brief history of the establishment of the Department of Political Science at the National University of Mongolia, a review of the collaborative research work of the department's faculty, and detailed information about the academic journals published by the department. The history of the Department of Political Science was summarized in the following sections: A brief history of the Department of Theory of Scientific Communism of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the National University of Mongolia, and a brief history of the origin and development of the first modern Department of Political Science in Mongolia. The review of the research work of the Department of Political Science includes collaborative research works of the department's faculty, academic journals published by the department, books, research articles written and published by the department's faculty, presentations at domestic and foreign academic conferences, and research project summaries.

ПАРЛАМЕНТЫН ХЯНАЛТ, ТҮҮНИЙГ ХЭРЭГЖҮҮЛЭХ АРГА МЕХАНИЗМ

Х Батхүү — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

Parliament is the supreme representative body in civil society, implementing legislative activities in the political system. Therefore, parliament has the basic characteristics of being a subject that, on the one hand, enacts laws and determines state policy, on the other hand, expresses the interests of the people and represents them. Depending on these two characteristics, legislative power within the framework of the principle of separation of powers, and the theory of representative democracy, it is reasonable to study parliamentary oversight and its implementation mechanisms. On this discussion we will discuss the general concept of parliamentary oversight, the theoretical basis and the mechanisms for implementing parliamentary oversight.

МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ИХ ХУРЛЫН ГИШҮҮНИЙ БҮРЭН ЭРХИЙН ЗОХИЦУУЛАЛТЫН АСУУДА

С Номынбаясгалан, Э Тамир — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The article is named as the “Legal issues on the regulation of the powers of member of The State Great Hural” and its content is conducted within legal issues on the particular regulation. There are certain legal and technical requirements for drafting legislation. Such appropriate requirements shall prevent intentional or unintentional violations of human rights and freedom. In other words, legal acts that are drafted in accordance with certain requirements create opportunities and conditions to reduce violations of human rights and freedoms. Legal reform in Mongolia is still in process. Although certain progress has been made within the scope of legal reform, there are also many criticisms on this matter. This paper analyzes methodological issues and approaches, and find out some challenging issues to develop Mongol model by combining traditional and contemporary approaches.

УИХ-ЫН 2024 ОНЫ СОНГУУЛИЙН ҮЙЛ ЯВЦ, ҮР ДҮН

Д Түмэнжаргал — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

Democratic value includes regular, free and fair elections, pluralism, political tolerance, a multi-party system, strong civil society, civic participation, human rights, equality, accountability, public transparency, economic freedom, and control over the abuse of power, and the rule of law. This shows that a democratic countries must have a multi-party system and pluralism.

A total of eight parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024. Each election had its own characteristics, depending on the specifics of the time, the economic situation, party and state policies and decisions, the current social climate, the electoral system, and changes in the electoral law. This article discusses the process of organizing the 2024 Parliamentary Elections, its results, and the issues to be addressed in the future.

МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ИХ ХУРЛЫН НӨХӨН СОНГУУЛИЙН СУДАЛГААНЫ ҮР ДҮН

Д Ууганжаргал, Х Анхбилэг — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article discusses the by-elections of members of the Mongolian Parliament, analyzing their historical context, legal framework, and statistical data. In Mongolia, 11 elections were held to replace members who had left their seats in 12 constituencies from 1997 to 2021. The Mongolian People's Party (formerly the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) won 11 of the 12 by-elections.

In some cases, in constituencies where a member of the Parliament was vacated and by-elections were held, voters were unable to elect their representatives. There were 5 cases in 2016-2024 where by-elections were not held for unknown reasons in constituencies where a member of the Parliament was vacated one year before the end of the term of office. The number of cases where an act of violating the law was confirmed by legal authorities, a vote was held to dismiss the member from their mandate, yet they retained their parliamentary mandate through the vote of the full parliament, has increased to 12 between 2016 and 2024.In the future, detailed legal regulations on holding by-elections on time need to be included in relevant legal documents.

ПАРЛАМЕНТЫГ ТАРААХ ҮНДЭСЛЭЛ, ТҮҮНИЙ ҮНДСЭН ХУУЛИЙН ЗОХИЦУУЛАЛТ

Д Сүхболд — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The reason for the dissolution of the parliament and its constitutional regulation are the issues of constitutional development and parliamentarianism, the study of state organization, and the distribution of state power in constitutional jurisprudence, as well as the complicated mechanisms related to its control and balance, which should be further studied. one. Therefore, this article was written due to the need, requirement, and purpose of analyzing the basis of the dissolution of the parliament, which is the main mechanism for determining the control and balance of the legislative and executive governments, and its constitutional regulations based on the constitutions of foreign countries at an appropriate level.

In doing this comparative research, it may be significant that, on the basis of an appropriate level of comparative study of certain types of constitutional regulations on the dissolution of the parliament, conclusions have been made on the legal regulations for the dissolution of the National Assembly, which is included in the Constitution of Mongolia.

НУТГИЙН ӨӨРИЙН УДИРДЛАГА ДАХЬ ИРГЭДИЙН ОРОЛЦООНЫ ӨНӨӨГИЙН БАЙДАЛ

Ц Бямбачулуун — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

Citizen participation is important in strengthening local self-governance at the local level, and the issue of providing citizens with opportunities to participate in the decision-making process on issues that concern them remains a pressing issue.

Strengthening local self-governance provides citizens with the opportunity to truly realize their potential to participate in local self-governance and state governance by identifying, synthesizing, incorporating, implementing, and monitoring their social and economic issues and interests.

Ensuring citizen participation in this way is an important factor in decentralizing power in policy planning and decision-making processes at the local level and strengthening direct democracy. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to study citizen participation in local self-governance in the context of the interrelationship of national and local-level institutions.

2024 ОНЫ СОНГУУЛЬД ЭСЭРГҮҮЦЭХ САНАЛЫН ҮЗҮҮЛСЭН НӨЛӨӨ: УИХ БА НИТХ-ЫН СОНГУУЛИЙН БАЯНГОЛ, БАЯНЗҮРХ ДҮҮРГИЙН САНАЛ ХУРААЛТЫН ДҮНД ХИЙСЭН ШИНЖИЛГЭЭ

Т Есүхэй — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

In the 2024 local elections, political parties and candidates attributed the low voter turnout in the capital to voters' lack of motivation and engagement, often describing them as apathetic and lazy during post-election press conferences. However, it is crucial that political parties analyze the election results accurately and use the insights to improve their operations. This study investigates whether voter apathy truly explains the low turnout in the capital during the 2024 local elections, or if other factors were at play. The hypothesis explored in this article is that protest votes—expressing dissatisfaction with political parties and coalitions—significantly influenced both the election results and voter turnout. To examine this, a comparative analysis of voting results from the 2020 and 2024 parliamentary (UIKh) and city council (NITKh) elections in Bayangol and Bayanzurkh districts was conducted. The study finds that voters may express discontent with the ruling party or prominent parties by leaving ballots blank or voting for candidates from third parties or coalitions. In some cases, abstention from voting may also serve as a form of protest, a possibility this article explores in detail.

ШИЙДВЭР ГАРГАХ, БОДЛОГО БОЛОВСРУУЛАХ ҮЙЛ ЯВЦ ДАХЬ ЭМЭГТЭЙЧҮҮДИЙН ОРОЛЦОО БА НИЙГМИЙН КАПИТАЛ

Н Үүрийнтуяа — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

Although Mongolia has successfully implemented democracy, improving the quality of democracy requires increasing women's participation and representation in politics (Christian Suter, 2017). Today, while 32 women have secured seats in the Parliament, bringing female representation to 25%, only 8 women won through the majoritarian electoral system, which accounts for just 6.3%. This highlights the need to explore opportunities to enhance women's participation in decision-making and policy formulation processes. This article examines the current state of women's political participation in these processes, the factors influencing it, and, in particular, the role of social capital in shaping women's political involvement. By analyzing the perspectives and research of scholars, the study concludes that social capital plays a decisive role in women's political participation.

ЗАСГИЙН ГАЗРЫН БҮРЭЛДЭХҮҮН ДЭХ ЭМЭГТЭЙЧҮҮДИЙН ОРОЛЦОО

Ж Золбаяр, Б Одгэрэл — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The representation of women in government and in political decision-making levels remains still insufficient to this day, where real political power is concentrated. Although the representation of women in legislative bodies and local representative bodies has increased in the last two decades, and certain successes have been achieved in the parliaments of countries in this regard, obstacles remain for women to work in higher positions in the government. As of 2024, the average representation of women in the parliaments of countries around the world is 27 percent, while women make up 23.3 percent in government. This article comparatively studies the current situation of women's representation in the political decision-making levels, including of the government, within the scope of selected countries.

ЗАЛУУ СОНГОГЧДЫН УЛС ТӨРИЙН ҮЙЛ БАЙДАЛД НӨЛӨӨЛЖ БУЙ ЗАРИМ ХҮЧИН ЗҮЙЛС

Б Эрдэнэдалай, Б Энхмаа — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

In our country, several studies have addressed the political behavior of voters and the factors influencing it. However, issues related to voter behavior during election campaigns and the factors affecting it remain underexplored, with limited research available. This highlights the need to examine theoretical perspectives on the topic. In Western countries, numerous studies and resources exist on voters' political behavior and its influencing factors. Among these, the earliest work is Edward Bernays' "Public Relations Today," published in 1945, which marked a significant milestone. This work included experimental findings on behavior within the field of social psychology.

МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ДОТООД, ГАДААД БОДЛОГЫН ХАРЬЦУУЛАЛТ: ШИЙДВЭР ГАРГАХ ПРОЦЕССЫН ЖИШЭЭН ДЭЭР

Т Заяа — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

There are similarities between the domestic and foreign policies of any country, but there are also differences. The main difference is that domestic policy decisions are regulated by domestic law, while foreign policy is implemented through international law in addition to domestic law, and in some cases, it takes place in an anarchic environment.

The comparison of domestic and foreign policies and the study of decision-making processes have many implications. For example, in our country, the domestic policy decision-making process is more legal and organized than the foreign policy decision-making process. For example, the rights, duties, and responsibilities of the parties involved in the decision-making process are more clear, the implementation of the decisions is monitored, analyzed, and evaluated, and erroneous decisions are reversed, options are more open, such as reviewing and, if necessary, reversing the decision. As for foreign policy, although the decision is made internally according to national laws and regulations, by government authorities and employees, it often depends on external factors. Also, from practice, the foreign policy decision-making process, stages, mechanisms, limited participation of some parties, lack of qualified human resources, lack of legal framework, and lack of monitoring and accountability mechanisms are influenced by internal factors, so internal policy decision-making is affected by many factors, and is performed differently from the policy analysis.

БАГА УЛСЫН ГАДААД БОДЛОГОД ОЛОН ТАЛТ ДИПЛОМАТ АЖИЛЛАГААНЫ ГҮЙЦЭТГЭХ ҮҮРЭГ, АЧ ХОЛБОГДОЛ: ОНОЛЫН ШИНЖИЛГЭЭ

Э Одбаяр, С Мөнхбат — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This research paper explores the role and importance of multilateral diplomacy in the foreign policy of small states, with a particular focus on Mongolia.

It analyzes how factors like geography, geopolitical environment, and economic resources shape small states' external strategies, highlighting the "alliance shelter" theory as a crucial tool for safeguarding sovereignty and enhancing international influence. The study concludes that active participation in multilateral diplomacy and international organizations is essential for small states like Mongolia to successfully implement their foreign policy goals.

ЗАСГИЙН ГАЗРЫН ГҮЙЦЭТГЭЛИЙГ ҮНЭЛЭХ АСУУДАЛД

Г. Золзаяа, Б. Одгэрэл — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

Evaluating government performance is a crucial indicator for objectively assessing a country's current state of development. Nations employ various methods to evaluate the effectiveness of their governments. International organizations such as the World Bank, the United Nations, and Transparency International evaluate countries based on such as corruption, human rights, and competitiveness. While assessment systems differ across countries, common indicators include budget expenditures, policy implementation, infrastructure development, economic progress, democratic governance, human rights protection, transparency, and citizen satisfaction. Therefore, applying these widely recognized criteria to assess government performance in our country can enhance the effectiveness of public administration, promote transparency and accountability, and provide voters with a well-founded basis for evaluation.

БНХАУ-ЫН ХОС ХЭЛТЭЙ ХОЛБОГДОХ ТӨРИЙН БОДЛОГЫН ӨНӨӨГИЙН БАЙДАЛ

Д Түмэнжаргал, Г Хасшугуй — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The country's educational considerations include ethnic minority education policies and national education policies. In order to develop the education of ethnic minorities, it is necessary to ensure the territorial equality of ethnic minorities by developing and implementing policies based on the characteristics and actual conditions of ethnic minorities. During the past 40 years of change, the achievements in the development of the education policy of ethnic minorities in our country have become the basic foundation and logical starting point for the reform and development of the education policy of ethnic minorities. The People's Republic of China is a multi-ethnic country, and protecting human cultural diversity is a common human expectation. Practice proves that bilingual education is one of the effective ways to preserve and develop our national language and culture. This document is the result of organizing the policy of bilingual education of Mongolian and Chinese nation, summarizing the basis of bilingual education policy, the value of implementing it at the Inner Mongolia and individual level from the basis and goals of the policy.

ДИЖИТАЛ УЛС ТӨРИЙН НАМ БА ҮЗЭЛ БАРИМТЛАЛЫН ЗАРИМ АСУУДАЛ (УЛС ТӨРИЙН НАМЫН ШИНЭ ХЭЛБЭР)

С Мөнхбат, Э Золбаяр — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article describes a new type of political party based on 21st-century technology, the “Digital Political Party.” The development of technology, especially digitalization, has evolved into all spheres of society, even creating the concept of digital democracy. Over the last decades, political parties have been facing the weakening of traditional partisan attachments, the fall of party membership, and an increased volatility of the electorate.

Thus, aiming to describe the digital party as different from conventional party forms and as a transformative trend concerning membership, participation, and leadership in today's party system. However, there is a lack of theoretical and empirical research on the digital party concept, so we must do deep research on this topic.

The article concludes that while considering the concept of the digital party, it also writes about the possibilities and reforms of the digital party in Mongolia

“КАРТЕЛЬ НАМ” БА “НАМЫН КАРТЕЛЬЖИЛТ”-ИЙН ТУХАЙ ОЙЛГОЛТ

Б Баярбаатар, Д Бумдарь — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article explores the theoretical differences, similarities, and impacts on the political system of two terms relevant to the study of political parties: the “cartel party” and “party cartelization”. Theoretically, the concept of a “cartel party” relates to the process where political parties consolidate their positions and restrict competition by relying on state funding. In contrast, “party cartelization” refers to the phenomenon where multiple parties form alliances to cooperate and limit competition.

In the first part of the article, the concepts, origins, and theoretical foundations of these terms are explained, with an analysis of the cartel party theory based on the studies of Richard Katz and Peter Mair. Furthermore, the article incorporates criticisms and perspectives from other researchers related to the cartel party and party cartelization. It also examines the political conditions that give rise to party cartelization, the collaborative strategies of parties, and its impact on democratic processes from a theoretical perspective.

ТӨРИЙН ЭРХ МЭДЭЛ ХУВААРИЛАХ ЗАРЧМЫН АНГИЛАЛ БА ХУУЛЬ ТОГТООХ, ГҮЙЦЭТГЭХ ЭРХ МЭДЛИЙН АСУУДАЛД

Г Цэнд-Аюуш, Д Сүхболд — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article examines the classification of the principle of separation of powers, the characteristics and patterns of legislative, executive, and judicial powers, and their checks and balances based on the Constitutions of some foreign countries. This article, which discusses the classification of the principle of separation of powers and their solution in a country like ours with the Westminster model, where the political party that holds the majority in parliament holds the legislative and executive powers, may be of importance.

ОЛОН УЛСЫН ХАРИЛЦААНЫ ЛИБЕРАЛ ОНОЛЫН ДЭГ СУРГУУЛИУД ОЛОН ТАЛТ ДИПЛОМАТ АЖИЛЛАГААНЫ ОНОЛЫН СЭТГЭЛГЭЭНИЙ ҮНДЭС БОЛОХ НЬ

С Мөнхбат, Э Одбаяр — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This research paper examines the liberal and neoliberal schools of thought in international relations theory and their foundational role in the development of multilateral diplomatic practice.

The study highlights how idealist and neoliberal theories, emphasizing international cooperation, mutual interdependence and the importance of international institutions form the theoretical basis for modern multilateral diplomacy.

It concludes that for small states like Mongolia, active engagement in multilateral diplomacy, rooted in liberal ideals, is essential for safeguarding national interests and ensuring a more stable and cooperative international environment.

УЛС ТӨРИЙН ПАТРОНАЖИЙН ТАЛААРХ ОНОЛЫН ХАНДЛАГУУД

Д Ундрах, Н Отгонбаяр — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The concept of patronage is studied across various scientific disciplines. In this regard, different theoretical approaches have emerged to examine and analyze this concept. Within the scope of this article, researchers propose that the concept of political patronage can be categorized into six fundamental theories based on the perspectives put forward by scholars and the findings of research in this field.

УЛС ТӨРИЙН ЛИДЕРИЙН ИМИЖ БҮРДҮҮЛЭЛТИЙН ТЕХНОЛОГИ

У Батцэрэн — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

In this article, we will briefly explain the concepts of political leader's entourage, political leader's team, politician's self-concept, from candidate to political leader, political leader's leadership, and political leader image framing, which are continuations of the research topic. The process of forming a political leader's image in our country is still in its infancy. For example, new people, new movements, and parties are entering politics. The constant meticulous work of a politician and his team to improve the level of political culture and acquire the necessary knowledge for a person entering politics is of great importance not only for the society in which we live, the entire country, but also for the whole world. Even if the leader is late in some actions and makes mistakes, the strength of the image is preserved and supported. To work effectively on the image, a special methodology for diagnosing the candidate's image and expert assessment of the image of famous politicians is required. The information contained in some books and articles is based on the most innovative developments made by image makers.

ТӨРИЙН БАЙГУУЛЛАГЫН МЭДЛЭГИЙН МЕНЕЖМЕНТИЙГ KMPI АРГААР ХЭМЖИХ НЬ

Ж Төртогтох, Э Сувдаа — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

In recent years, there has been an increase in attempts to study and apply knowledge management theories and models in our country due to the maturation of the implementation of knowledge management by state and non-governmental organizations and political parties in their management methods in many countries. The implementation of knowledge management in the public sector in Mongolia was measured using the KMPI (Knowledge Management Performance Index) method. As a result, the KCP (Knowledge Circulation Process) was 3.905. This means that knowledge management is not sufficiently implemented in the organization, the established concept of knowledge management is not mature, and any processes or activities related to knowledge management cannot be effective. Processes that need to be improved by organizational knowledge management are the areas of knowledge creation and knowledge use.

ҮНДЭСНИЙ АЮУЛГҮЙ БАЙДАЛД НӨЛӨӨЛӨХ ХҮЧИН ЗҮЙЛС: ГЛОБАЛ ШИНЭ ХАНДЛАГА

Ш Эвсанаа — Sat, 02 May 2026 00:00:00 +0800

National security has evolved in recent years, driven by global challenges, technological advances, and new societal expectations. Modern security strategies are defined by the need to adapt and respond to today’s evolving threats. The 2023 Global Peace Index estimates that the global economic impact of conflict is estimated at $17.5 trillion, highlighting the urgent need for countries to prevent conflict and ensure stability. Politically, the number of armed conflicts globally reached 56 in 2023, the highest level since the Cold War, underscoring the growing challenges facing global peace and security.

Year	Number of Armed Conflicts	Major Regions Affected
2000	35	Middle East, Africa
2010	42	Middle East, Asia
2020	50	Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa
2023	56	Global

Prominent scholars in defining modern security include Walt (1991) who defined national security as “the study of threats, the management and use of military force,” while Barry Buchan (1991) redefined security by including social, economic, and environmental factors. Nee and Keohane (1998) emphasized soft power policies and international relations in their consideration of security challenges. Dalby (2009) also paid special attention to environmental change.