Philosophy and Religious Studies

АМЬД ЯВАХ ЭРХ ХЭРЭГЛЭЭНИЙ ЁС ЗҮЙН АСУУДАЛ БОЛОХ НЬ

Б.Дагзмаа — 2024-09-30

In this paper, we shall examine the capital punishment which is the aspect of applied ethics and

its teaching methodology. Philosophy and human rights problems are always open to all and they usually related to values. Thus, philosophy and human rights are intermingled. We examined several philosophical views on death penalty, such as from Cesare Beccare, Immanuel Kant and Michel Foucault and others. Also, there is always a contradiction between argument against and for the death penalty and we tried to compare its philosophical source in this paper.

БОЛОВСРОЛ, ТҮҮНИЙ ЗОРИЛГЫН ТУХАЙ Ж.ДЬЮИГИЙН ҮЗЭЛ, ТҮҮНИЙ АЧ ХОЛБОГДОЛ

Р.Дарьхүү — 2024-09-30

In XX century, J.Dewey is a founder who initiated an idea that education aim is the main key to evolve the social. In his view, education is the key support for the socialization process, and it is the key factor for supplying human life growth. Even though there are fluent of counter approaches to J.Dewey’s view about education, but I discuss that his pragmatic view is important for Mongolia education reform.

БЭЛГЭДЭЛ ЗҮЙ БОЛ К.Г.ЮНГИЙН ХУВЬД ПСИХОАНАЛИТИК СУДАЛГААНЫ АРГА БА СУДЛАГДАХУУН МӨН НЬ

Ц.Гомбосүрэн — 2024-09-30

In article titled as “C.G.Jung’s symbolics as his psychoanalytic method and research subject”,

indicted that, C.G.Jung claims that the symbol is chief method for emerging collective unconscious element – archetype which is inherited from ancient times. In this articles referenced several examples for collective unconscious which is generating symbols continuously, as C.G.Jung mentioned. C.G.Jung states that meaning of the life do not depends on individual life, but exists in symbolic life. Thus he used symbolic methodology for evaluating Chistianity and Buddhism.

THE CULTURAL FOUNDATION OF THE INTRINSIC UNIFICATION OF DAOISM AND CONFUCIANISM

Muliang Zhang — 2024-09-30

Энэхүү өгүүлэлд Күнзийн сургаал болон Даосизмын сургаалын дотоод салшгүй нэгдлийг

илрүүлэн гаргахыг зорьлоо. Чин гүрний өмнөх (МЭӨ 221 он) үеүүдэд Күнзийн сургаал болон Даосизмын сургаалыг үндэслэгчид ёслол болон хөгжмийн системийн уналт (libengyuehuai礼崩乐坏) мэтийн түүхэн ижил нөхцөл байдалтай тулгарч байжээ. Ялгаа бүхий философийн үзэл сургаалиуд дээр үндэслэн эдгээр үндэслэгчид тухайн үеийн нийгмийн эмх замбараагүй байдал, өөр өөр хандлага бүхий нийгэмд үйлчилж буй ёс зүйн зарчмуудын хооронд харилцаа холбоо байсан эсэхийг судлав. Улмаар тэд ялгаа бүхий философийн сургаалиудыг эхлүүлэх үндсийг тавьжээ. Хэдий энэ нь онолын хувьд зөрүүтэй болов ч Даосизмын сургаал, Күнзийн сургаал нь метафизикийн шинжтэй ижил эх сурвалжтай гэсэн санаа юм. Бид Чин гүрний өмнөх үеийн сонгодог эх сурвалж болох Zhuangzi, Dao De Jing болон бусад өөр өөр эх сурвалжийг нарийн судлан үзэж эдгээрт дотоод нарийн холбоо байгаа эсэхийг судлан гаргах шаардлагатай байна. Судлаач би үүнийг илүү тодорхой болгохын тулд “Тэнгэрийн зам мөр”/tiandao天道/ гэх системлэг ойлголтын учир холбогдлыг шүүн авч үзсэн болно. Даосизмын сургаал болон Күнзийн сургаал нь “Тэнгэрийн зам мөр”-ийн систем хэмээх соёлын шинжтэй нэг эх үүсвэрээс философийн шинжтэй шинэ эргэлтийг бий болгож чадсанаараа онцлог юм. Даосизмын үзэл сургаалд “тэнгэрийн зам мөр”- ийн ахуйн атрибут шинжийг илүү онцолж үзсэн байдаг бол Күнзийн үзэл сургаалд “тэнгэрийн зам мөр” нь нийгмийн ёс зүйт шинж болох талаас нь түлхүү авч үзжээ. Эцэст нь өгүүлэхэд, би хятадын түүхэн дэх Даосизмын үзэл сургаал болон Күнзийн үзэл сургаалын хоорондох харилцан нөлөөлөл, харилцан бие биеэ нөхсөн түүхэн үйл явцын гурван үе шат буй болохыг онцолж, эдгээрийг бүхэлд нь авч үзсэн болно.

THE DIVISION OF THE SOUL IN PLATO’S PHAEDRUS

Kh.Amantai — 2024-09-30

Энэхүү өгүүлэлд сэтгэлийн тухай Платоны онол Федр хэмээх диалогид хэрхэн хөгжиж буйг шинжлэн үзэх бөгөөд нэн ялангуяа сэтгэлийн ангилалын тухай авч үзэх юм. Платоны сэтгэл зүйн онолоор бол сэтгэл нь гурван хэсгээс бүрддэг гэсэн үзэл нь эрдэмтэдийн дунд нийтлэг байдаг. Тэр нь тухайл: хүсэл тачаал, ааг омог, оюун ухаан билээ. Тэгэхдээ Платоны дунд үеийн диалогуудад түүний онтологийн дуалист зарчим голчилдог бөгөөд тэр нь ертөнцийг оюунлаг санааны хийгээд биет материаллаг хэсэгт хуваагддагаар илэрдэг. Энэ зарчим нь янз бүрийн аспектуудад хэрэглэгддэг бөгөөд ялангуяа сэтгэлийн рационал бус хэсэгт оюунаг бус хэсэгт бас баримтлагддаг. Бидний олж авсан зүйл гэвэл Платоны “Төр улс” диалог дахь сэтгэлийн гурвалсан бүтэцээс ялгааай нь Федрт сэтгэлийн иррационал аспект нь мөн хоёр хуваагдаж эрос буюу философийн хайр мөн дур тачаал буюу эпитюмия гэсэн хоёр бүрэлдхүүн хэсэгтэй юм гэсэн дүгнэлтэд хүрч буй юм. Гэхдээ энэ нь Платоны сэтгэлийн гурвалсан бүтэцтэй огт зөрчилдөөгүй гэдэгийг дурдах нь зүйтэй. Харин энэ бол сэтгэлийн бүтцийг илүү нарийн түвшинд, өөр хэмжүүрээр авч үзсэн хэлбэр гэж ойлгогдохоор байгаа юм.

Гэсэн хэдий ч нарийн ажиглавал сэтгэлийн бүтцийг авч үзэхдээ Платон ийм дуалист хандалгаар авч үзэж байгаа нь түүний пифагорчуудаас авсан гэж хэлэгдэх гурвалсан ангиллаас илүүтэйгээр чухам өөрийнх нь шалгуур ангилал гэж үзэх үндэстэй байгаа юм. Түүнчлэн бид Платоны энэхүү Федр диалог нь бусад диалогуудтай харьцуулахад бидний авч үзэж буй асуудалд ямар онцлог байр суурьнаас хандсаныг тодорхойлж, бусад диалогуудтай харьцуулахад ямар дүгнэлт хийж болохыг гаргаж тавьсан болно.

Энэхүү судалгаанд Платоны диалогуудыг герменевтик аргыг ашиглахын зэрэгцээ эх зохиолыг бусад тайлбар зохиолуудтай харьцуулан судлах замаар авч үзсэн болно.

МОНГОЛ ДАХЬ ӨНӨӨДРИЙН ФИЛОСОФИ

Г.Цэрэн — 2024-09-30

Man is a thinking being. The human thought is the subject of philosophical and psychological research. Man’s thought, both in ontogenetical and philogenetical sense of transmitted to the stages of magic, mythic, cosmic, metaphysical, theological, humanical, educational, scientific and political. In the further course of the development it moves to godlike, divine or esoteric stage. The ontogeny and phylogeny of thought are, in an ontological sense, compatibile sith each other. Discussing about the meaning and significance of the study of the history of human thought, we can use the expression “back to the future”.

“ОЮУН УХААН” ХЭМЭЭХ ОЙЛГОЛТЫН ТУХАЙ ФИЛОСОФИЙН ЗАРИМ ТАЙЛБАРЛАЛ

Г.Лодой — 2024-09-30

This article interprets some of the philosophical understandings of reasoning. More attention is given to the concepts of I. Kant and G.W.F.Hegel. In this connection, the article mentions some of the aspects and problems of the differences and interdependences of mind and reasoning, and their cognitive functionality. The differentiation of the mind and reasoning has its ancient history. This problem has been argued and discussed since the time of Plato and Aristotle. The then German classical philosophy representatives gave the problem of the mind special attention. In its broad concept, intelligence - as the ability of cognition covers all spheres of mental activity; while in its narrow concept- reason is the highest level of thinking. If the mind traces the abstract, final determination, then the mind creates specific, genuine notion, thereby learning the subject as a whole and in its specificity. If rational thinking as a whole prevails in natural sciences, then reasoning is most likely the ability to think philosophically, this is the opinion of the representatives of the German classical idealism.

СОЁЛ ХҮНИЙ ОРШИХУЙН ҮЗЭГДЭЛ БОЛОХ НЬ

Р.Дарьхүү — 2024-09-30

Human society exists in the cultural universe. We can not claim to be humans without the culture we had created. Culture is main root of existence and treasure and is presented as the tools of human race survival.

ФРАНЦЫН ФИЛОСОФИЧ Ж.П.САРТР ҮГИЙН УРЛАГИЙГ ЧУХАЛЧЛАН АВЧ ҮЗСЭН НЬ

Б.Дэлгэрмаа — 2024-09-30

The most famous philosopher of the XX century, Jean-Paul Sartre was responsible for developing

the ideas of existentialism. A highly original and talented thinker, who expressed himself with equal facility in philosophical and literary works. In his novels, plays and political activity, Sartre was concerned with a philosophy of decision, a philosophy of freedom. His thinking was about a being-in-the-world. He was offered the Nobel Prize for literature in 1964, but refused it. Either way, we are always choosing what we are, and never able not to choose. We are what we make of ourselves, as Sartre proclaims in his polemical essay “Existentialism and Humanism” (1947). He wrote an autobiographical account of his own imaginative journey through childhood “Words” (1964). Simone de Beauvoir had a great influence on Sartre and was a key figure in Existentialism.

ФРЭНСИС ФУкУЯМАГИЙН НИЙГЭМ-СОЁЛЫН ФИЛОСОФИЙН ҮЗЭЛ БАРИМТЛАЛ

Б.Гантөмөр — 2024-09-30

Based on the history of philosophy I present my review of ideologies of the contemporary social

philosophy in this article. I intend to demonstrate my review through referenced to Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama’s ideologies. Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama is an American philosopher, political scientist and writer. In this article I will analyze idea of Francis Fukuyama by his essay “Primacy of Culture”.

In his essay, “Primacy of Culture” Francis Fukuyama wrote that there are four levels on which consolidation of democracy must occur, and those are:

1. ideology level;
2. institutions level;
3. civil society level; and 4. culture level.

Francis Fukuyama opined that the liberal democracy should be developed within the above mentioned four levels. Moreover, Francis Fukuyama identified 3-4 competitors to the liberal democracy and they are: (1) extreme nationalism or fascism; (2) Islam; (3) revived neo-Bolshevism. This article will further review Fukuyama’s detailed elaborations on these competitors.

ХУВИРГАЛ-ҮҮСГҮҮР ХЭЛЗҮЙ ХХ ЗУУНЫ ХЭЛ ШИНЖЛЭЛ ДЭХ ПАРАДИГМЫН ӨӨРЧЛӨЛТИЙГ ЭХЛҮҮЛСЭН ҮҮ?

М.Отгонбаяр — 2024-09-30

Ever since John Searle used the term ‘Chomskyan revolution’ in his article “Chomskyan revolution

in linguistics” (1972) linguistics and philosophers adapted this term. “Syntactic structures” was a first book which emerged Chomskyan revolution in linguistics, philosophy, and psychology. In early 1950 in humanity and social science the non-empirical yet formal theory of human nature were impossible. But Chomsky argued that language is internal, innate to human mind/ brain, which can be describes syntax. So linguistic theory can be rigorous, and formalized deductive model.

ХЭЛ, ХЭЛНИЙ БҮТЦЭЭС ОЙЛГОХУЙ, СЭТГЭЛГЭЭ, АВИР ҮЙЛДЭЛ ШАЛТГААЛАХ НЬ

Б.Өлзийсайхан — 2024-09-30

Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as

ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the “real world” is to a large extent unconsciously built up on the language habits of the group. We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation.

“ЦӨВҮҮН ЦАГ”-ИЙН МӨН ЧАНАР

Б.Оюунчимэг — 2024-09-30

The book “Divine Predictions about the Future” presents the harsh time and reasons for its coming, forebodings, their fearures, and ways to overcome it which were predicted by sages of different times, and embodiments of the predictions, and outlooks of present time.

ШИДЭТ ДОМОГ (МИФ) БОЛ ПСИХОАНАЛИТИК СУДАЛГААНЫ НЭГ ЧУХАЛ ОБЪЕКТ МӨН НЬ

Б.Цэрэнханд — 2024-09-30

The myth of some nations, especially, the result of studying similar content meaning of myths

importantly stimulated to become psychoanalytic philosophical theory and K.G Jung’s theoretical concepts that is about collective unconsciousness mind.

K.G Jung also explains: Firstly the myths is identified by archetype, in other words, the specific type of archetype is reflected by the myths. In this paper, the idea of Maria Luisa, French, a follower of K.G Jung’s psychoanalytic theory, is expressed widely.

ЭКОЛОГИЙН ЁС ЗҮЙД БАРИМТЛАХ ЗАРЧМУУДЫН ТУХАЙД

Т.Дорждагва — 2024-09-30

The authors of this article have expressed their views on the crucial issues of today’s environment, briefly considering Threats of Rationalism and Technocracy. Besides using materials of other authors on this subject, which have place on the internet earlier, and paid attention to the main principles for ecological ethics.

ЯПОНЫ ЁС СУРТАХУУНЫ БОЛОВСРОЛЫН ТУРШЛАГА, ШИНЭЧЛЭЛТИЙН БОДЛОГО -Бид юу суралцах вэ?

Б.Оюунцэцэг — 2024-09-30

The first half of this manuscript describes, 1) teachers who are teaching moral education at primary and

secondary school, 2) reading materials, and 3) the evaluation based on the regulation of Ministry’s curriculum guideline in 2008. The second half describes “the subject of moral education” from the perspectives such as, 1) the reason of encouraging moral education as an official subject, 2) teachers, and 3) teaching materials and methodology. I consider what we are able to learn from Japanese-style moral education at the final part.

АНГИ ЦЭРЭНДОРЖ, ТҮҮНИЙ БИЛИГ БАРАМИДЫН ТАЙЛБАРЫН ТУХАЙ

М.Гантуяа — 2024-09-30

During history several eminent Mongolian scholar monks spread the teaching of the Buddha

and explained Buddhist philosophy. The aim of the present article is to describe the "Explanation of the Prajnyaparamita" written by angi Tserendorj, who was a Gawj in Urga, also known as the Nuurt lam. The significance of his detailed Prajnaparamita explanation in three volumes is that he illustrated deep philosophical concepts with simple samples corresponding to the Mongolian way of thinking. He used the Prajnaparamita manual written by the eminent Tibetan polymath, Kun-mkhyen 'Jam-dbyangs bzhad-pa as a base, and specified and explained its terms and philosophical concepts from different points of view. Meanwhile, he emphasized and clarified one of the basic Mahayana teachings, the awakening of the mind, the Bodhicitta in order to attain enlightenment. The explanations of such significant philosophical works inherited from the eminent masters of the past help and encourage people to study Buddhism, to understand the proper meaning of the Buddhist teachings, to follow the proper way of life, and to understand the systems of causes and effects, the aims of collecting merits, and the real characteristic of wishes and aspiration.

ДОРНОД АЙМАГ ДАХЬ ТУГИЙН СҮМИЙН ТАХИЛГА

С.Цэдэндамба — 2024-09-30

The monastery of Tug in the current Bulgan soum of Dornod province there are variety of research activities in the last few years.

Based on my study and research works, books related with the temple have led to the following scenario. It is distinct that in the temple traditional Buddhist religious service and activities have held concurrently with as a place for worship of the Mongol emperor Genghis Khan.

ЖОД ЛҮЙЖИН ХЭМЭЭХ ЗАН ҮЙЛИЙГ АВЧ ҮЗЭХ НЬ

Т.Булган — 2024-09-30

Chod Luijing practice is one of important ceremony in Buddhism and this practice is been widely spread to public as meditation, ceremony, rituals and disciple nowadays whereas it was only limited by yogis and meditators learned by oral tradition in secret tantric law.
We studied only Chod practices in Gelukpa sect as there are many Chod practices being practiced. This practice has common and uncommon lineages. The main feature of this research is study of common lineages, their history of spread, scope, orders of practice, worshipping protectors and ritual tools.

It will be easy to love all sentient beings and cut off “I” and “Mine” by detailed analysis of meditative method of Chod Luijing practice by inviting upper and lower guests and fulfil all wishes satisfactorily and this research writing would help understand complex and profound practice in simple language.

ИЛДЭН БЭЙЛИЙН АГВААН ДАМБА “ХҮНИЙ ОЮУНЫ ХӨГЖЛИЙН АСУУДАЛД”

Т.Булган — 2024-09-30

Aspect concerning human development is still remain one the fundamental subject of any religion and philosophy in Oriental and Western. In Buddhism, this aspect is regarded as the basic as the theory, practices, way of life in Therevada and Mahayana traditions. In Mahayana philosopy of Buddhism, subject of study so called “Path to Enlightenment” in the framework of Prajana pramitta teachings which is thought by Buddha Sakyamuni 2500 years ago for the benefit of all sentient beings. Later it transmitted and developed by great saints and thinkers from various countries and nationalities who followed his great thought on human development, mental or spiritual in particular. Among them, Mongolian Buddhsit thinkers made not only great contribution in it and but they have done much work as method and wisdom in the Part to Enlighenment or human spiritual development as stated as“During the nearly 600 years since the writing, the beneficiaries of the great treatise have mainly been Tibetans and Mongolians, still numbering in the millions.”15

In this connection, study on the philosophical works and thoughts by Mongolian Buddhist Thinkers is one of essential subjects of Buddhist studies, Agvaandamba lama (Elden Beiliin Lama) who lived in XYIII, made great thought and for this noble aspects of human development aspect by his philosophy works.

“ИХЭД ТОНИЛГОГЧ СУДАР” ДАХЬ ГУРВАН ЭРДЭНЭД ИТГЭЛ ЯВУУЛАХ ТУХАЙ СУРГААЛ ХИЙГЭЭД ҮЗЭЛ

Т.Булган — 2024-09-30

Taking refuge in the Three Jewels is the first step to becoming Buddhist. Taking refuge is an independent doctrine of Buddhism and an important component of Buddhist philosophy. In the Great Liberation Sutra, the Three Jewels – Buddha, Dharma and Sangha – are introduced respectively and reasons and importance of taking refuge in the Three Jewels are explained.

МАЙДАР БУРХАНЫ ДҮРСЛЭЛ МОНГОЛЫН УРЛАГТ

Ц.Уранчимэг — 2024-09-30

The article discusses images and forms of Maitreya in Mongolian art from the 17th century until 19th c. It poses a question about two forms of Maitreya that became widespread in Mongolia and Tibet as these two forms are not mentioned in the main corpus of Niśpannayogāvali and Sādhanamālā texts. Textual sources of Maitreya’s forms can be seen in Western Tibet (currently Ladakh) and Gyantse, but the majority of Maitreya depictions show the deity as a standing youthful Bodhisattva or a seated Buddha as a cakravartin. The article discusses Maitreya Temple near Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, the home of early dedication to Maitreya among the Mongols. Then the article discusses Maitreya Temple and a monumental Maitreya statue built by Ikh Khüree’s abbot Agwaankhaidav. The article also includes experts from Agwaankhaidav’s texts on Maitreya. The article argues that the Gelug brought a particular worship of Maitreya as cakravartin following Tsongkhapa’s personal association with Maitreya in Dzingji.

ӨНӨӨГИЙН МОНГОЛЧУУДЫН ШАШИН ШҮТЛЭГИЙН ТӨЛӨВ БАЙДАЛ, ЧИГ ХАНДЛАГА

М.Гантуяа — 2024-09-30

In this article we are determining contemporary situation of religion and worship of Mongolian people based on sociological questionnaire processing by colloquies of NUM specialized in Religion Studies within research project “Mongolian society XXI century: development, changes and tendencies” organized by Social sciences branches of NUM in 2013-2014. In the sociological questionnaire have answered 2610 participants from 10 aimaks of central and eastern regions of Mongolian territory. By the sociological questionnaire 48,4% of participants were religious people and 55,5% of them were Buddhist, 11,9% were Christians, 9,7% were Muslims and 20,1% were Shaman worshippers.

СУДАР, ШАШТИРЫН МӨРГӨЛИЙН ҮГСИЙН ТУХАЙД

С.Янжинсүрэн — 2024-09-30

Many commentaries of Buddhas teaching were composed and come down to the generation during to generation the period of the spreading and the developing of Buddhism. Therefore those commentaries provide the different characteristics of historical time period which belongs. Specially the prologues of those commentaries were written in a different characters of contents and different views. These articles are trying to explain the structure of prologues of Sutra and Shashtra and it is divided into three parts. In the first part: A small introduction about the difference characteristics of Sutra and Shashtra. In the second part: The tradition of prologue of Sutra. In the third: A explanation of prologue Shasgtra.

ХРИСТИЙН ШАШНЫ ГАЖ УРСГАЛУУД

С.Дэмбэрэл — 2024-09-30

Mongolian people got their religious freedom, as result of democratic revolution in 1990. Since then many world religious organizations, sects and cults are extended their religious activities in Mongolia. In this article we will compare the descriptions of Christian cults, its structures and functionalities. We will also highlight the influence of cults in the society. At end of the paper we will suggest certain resolution for minimizing the negative effects of cults in Mongolian society.

ХЯТАД ХЭЛ ДЭЭРХ ГАНЖУУР ДАНЖУУРЫН ТУХАЙ

Т.Булган — 2024-09-30

The article will describe the Chinese Buddhist canons and its’ historical development. Chinese people collected and edited Buddhist canons from ancient time, called it “Whole canons”. Later they called it “Great treasury Sutras”, which means fund and treasury for preserving and protecting Buddhist texts. It is being consisted of Vinya pitaka, Sutra pitaka and Abhidharma pitaka. It is equivalent with Tibetan Kangyur /the translation of word/and Tenguyr /translation of the treatises/.

The Chinese Buddhist canons were being disseminated in Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese languages in particular Asian countries in different historical periods. It edited consecutively 8 times during Song (960-1276)and Jin dynasty (1115-1234), 2 times during Yuan dynasty (1206-1368), 4 times during Min dynasty (1368-1644), 1 times during Qing dynasty (1644-1911), 7 times in Japan and 3 times in Korea, 4 times China. Currently there are 29 printing and xylographical versions of Chinese Buddhist canons existing. The most significant and perfect version of Chinese Kangyur and Tengyur was edited and printed during the Qianlong Emperor (1711-1799), who was the sixth emperor of the Manchu- led Qing Dynasty.

ПОСТМОДЕРН ТӨЛӨВ: МЭДЛЭГИЙН ТУХАЙ ИЛТГЭЛ ЗОХИОЛЫН ХЭСГЭЭС2

Б.Дагзмаа — 2024-09-30

Зохиолын өмнөх хэсгийг сэтгүүлийн өмнөх дугааруудаас үзнэ үү.