International Relations

Assessing Mongolia's economic dependence on China: A foreign economic dependece index analysis

2025-01-16T10:15:38+08:00

The influence of foreign economies on Mongolia's economic development is increasing. Key factors such as rapid growth in foreign trade, stable increases in foreign direct investment, foreign debt, and remittances significantly contribute to this growth. Mongolia's economic development is deeply interconnected with the economic conditions of its two neighboring countries, particularly China. China's stable economic growth has a notable impact on Mongolia's economy, necessitating an assessment of whether this effect is short-term or long-term. Understanding the level of economic dependence on China is crucial for informed policymaking. This study confirms a long-term relationship between Mongolia's economy and China's. The foreign economic dependence index, measured at 28.2 percent, highlights a significant reliance on a single country. This underscores the need for Mongolia to diversify its economy and enhance economic engagement with a broader range of countries.

Diplomatic relations with the Churches of Armenia under the Mongol rule

2025-01-16T10:20:32+08:00

This study delves into the religious relationships between the Mongols and Armenians in the 13th century, comparing them to the ties between Byzantine, Georgian Christians and Armenian Christians. By focusing on key figures such as the priests of Apostolic Church, Prince Awag of Greater Armenia, King Hetum of Cilicia and Mongolian Nestorian aristocrats, it uncovers how religious diplomacy and political alliances formed. The research also examines how the Mongols’ legal systems, such as the El Tamgha decree and the Yasaq of Chinggis Khan, provided certain freedoms and protections for Armenian Christians. These policies not only safeguarded Armenian religious practices but also encouraged collaboration between Mongolian Nestorian leaders and Armenian clergy. This comparison offers insight into how Mongol-Armenian religious relations were distinct from those with Byzantium, reflecting the Mongols’ pragmatic approach to governance and religion.

Impact of Economic Sanctions on Foreign Direct Investment Flows

2025-01-16T10:41:37+08:00

Global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows have gradually recovered following the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the impact of the international business and investment environment on FDI has been heightened by the crisis in Ukraine. The United States and the European Union (EU) have implemented stringent sanctions in an effort to swiftly halt Russia's military operations. These sanctions, imposed by the international community, are designed to exert pressure on the economies of Russia and its allies in order to bring an end to the conflict.
The most impactful sanctions have been those targeting Russia's financial and energy sectors, resulting in immediate negative consequences for the country. In response, Russia has implemented retaliatory sanctions aimed at asserting its independence from the countries imposing sanctions.
In this article, we will analyze the changes in Russian FDI, with a particular focus on the effects of financial, energy, and trade sanctions.

The Most Significant World Affairs and their Impact on Mongolia

2025-01-16T10:45:37+08:00

The phenomenon du jour of modern world affairs has huge impacts on international relations and communities. Mongolia may seem geographically isolated from some of the major global events, but due to its interdependence with the global community, it can still experience various effects from significant world affairs. Despite not always being at the center of major world affairs, Mongolia is still connected to the broader global community and can experience significant impacts and trends on the international stage. This academic paper aims to explore strategies to minimize the negative consequences of global events, some probable dangers and risks Mongolia faces due to its specific geographical, economic, and geopolitical context, and the ways and means to avoid the consequences of world affairs.

The Necessity of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism in Intergovernmental Organizations: An Example of Shanghai Cooperation Organization

2025-01-16T20:23:38+08:00

This article explores the UN-oriented international legal order as the fundamental reason for justifying the necessity of the dispute settlement mechanism in intergovernmental organizations. In that case, provisions of the Charter of the United Nations are seen as the primary reference for all intergovernmental organizations. Among them, however, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (CSO) partially inherits this practice and a dispute settlement mechanism is not permitted within its structure. Under this circumstance, it will further discuss the unique nature of the settlement of disputes within the SCO.

The New Era Imminent and Conflicting World Order

2025-01-16T20:29:57+08:00

In recent years, our world has experienced a multitude of significant transformations that merit close examination. While certain developments reflect positive trends associated with advancements in technology, globalization, and international cooperation, many resultant shifts have engendered heightened levels of caution and anxiety among nations and populations alike. Notably, the established balance of power, which has historically underpinned global order and stability, appears increasingly precarious. In light of these rapidly evolving geopolitical dynamics, it is imperative for the international community to prioritize strategies that prevent conflicts from spiraling into critical crises. The challenges posed by ongoing armed conflicts—particularly in pivotal regions such as Europe and the Middle East—underscore the necessity for a concerted, responsible approach to issues of war and peace. This includes an urgent call to action for the immediate cessation of hostilities, which can be achieved through mutual compromises, robust arms control measures, the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, and the strengthening of international organizations tasked with conflict resolution. This study underscores the focus on the fostering of peace in this tumultuous landscape, and therefore, demands a collaborative commitment to constructing a more secure and cooperative world.

К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ РУССКО-МОНГОЛЬСКОЙ И ЯПОНСКОЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ О ХАЛХИН-ГОЛЕ

2025-01-16T20:35:15+08:00

The article delves into the contemporary historiography of the conflict in the Khalkhin Gol region, focusing on perspectives from Russian, Mongolian and Japanese historians. The author meticulously examines the research conducted by historians from Russia and Mongolia, as well as sheds light on the current status of Russian-Mongolian historiography concerning the events in the Khalkhin Gol area. Additionally, the author explores the contributions of historians from Mongolia, Russia, and Japan, analyzing their works published in respective scientific publications. By considering a wide range of sources, the article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of Mongolian-Russian and Japanese historiography on the battles of Khalkhin Gol, offering valuable insights into the diverse interpretations and analyses of this historical conflict.

博物馆外交在软实力构建中的作用 ——以蒙古国“成吉思汗国家博物馆”为例

2025-01-16T20:39:25+08:00

In recent years, museum diplomacy has emerged as a significant area of interest on the international stage, capturing the attention of scholars, policymakers, and cultural institutions alike. Museums are increasingly recognized for their potential to influence global culture and to enhance a nation's soft power, which refers to the ability to shape the preferences and perceptions of others through attraction and persuasion rather than coercion. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the Genghis Khan National Museum, along with the international exhibition titled "Genghis Khan: How the Mongols Changed the World." Through this examination, we aim to explore the theoretical underpinnings of soft power and the role that museum diplomacy plays in contemporary international relations. Additionally, the article delves into current international cooperation projects that involve museums, highlighting how these initiatives foster cross-cultural dialogue and understanding. Furthermore, we consider the future trajectory of Mongolian museum diplomacy, reflecting on its potential to contribute to global cultural exchanges and to enhance Mongolia's presence on the world stage. By investigating these elements, we seek to provide a comprehensive understanding of how museums can serve as powerful tools for diplomacy and cultural engagement in today's interconnected world.

塔旺陶勒盖-嘎顺苏海图铁路、相关物流和基础设施发展问题

2025-01-16T20:44:31+08:00

On September 9, 2022, Mongolia's first class, intersection-free, heavy-duty railway line between Tavan Tolgoi and Gashuunsukhait was put into operation. This railway has a main track length of 233.6 kilometers from the Tavan Tolgoi mine to Gashuunsukhait port, a gauge of 1520 mm, 2 stations at Tavan Tolgoi and Gashuunsukhait, 6 crossings, and a load capacity of 25 tons. Mongolia will transport and export 30-50 million tons of coking and thermal coal annually through this railway, and the cost of transporting coal from the Tavan Tolgoi mine to Gantzmod port in China will decrease from US$47 to US$12 per ton, a 4-fold decrease, and about 2,000 permanent jobs will be created.
Today, the road has been laid up to the border crossing at Gashuunsukhait port, and the feasibility study and working drawings for the railway connection to the Gantzmod port of China are currently being prepared with the participation of the Third Bureau of the Chinese Railways. Therefore, the construction of the border railway in Mongolia will transform Gashuunsukhait port from its current status as a local border crossing to a multi-purpose international port for logistics.

社交网络与网缘政治—以TIKTOK为例

2025-01-16T20:52:53+08:00

With the development of the Internet, social networks have become an important channel for shaping public opinion and influencing political decisions. As the world's most popular social networking platform, TikTok's influence on international politics and international relations cannot be ignored. The cyberspace created by digital technology is parallel to the real physical space, and geopolitics is extending to the network and moving towards "Cyber Geopolitics".