Economics: theory and practice https://journal.num.edu.mn/econjournal <p>The journal is committed to enhance a dissemination of research in economics and economic policy in the country and abroad and to bring quality of the Mongolian economic research closer to the world standard. The nearest goal of the journal is indexing the economic research conducted in the country and be listed on PEPEC (Research papers on Economics, www.repec.or)</p> en-US journal_economics@num.edu.mn (Д.Дашдулам) journal_economics@num.edu.mn (Д.Дашдулам) Fri, 11 Sep 2026 08:31:23 +0800 OJS 3.3.0.13 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 Evaluation of the Program for Supporting Food and Agriculture Production using Policy Costing Simulation https://journal.num.edu.mn/econjournal/article/view/11086 <p>Although the Government of Mongolia implements numerous policies and initiatives, comprehensive methodologies and full assessments of their medium- to long-term implications for the state budget and the economy are not always publicly available. Building on a semi-structural GAP model, this study applies a policy costing methodology to estimate the budgetary and economic effects of the government-implemented subsidized loan program in 2023 to support the production of food and agricultural products. The Mongolia Macro-Fiscal Model by NRGI (2017), extended and updated with data through the third quarter of 2023, was used to simulate the program as an exogenous shock and to compare the resulting paths with a baseline projection. The exercise is an ex-ante policy-costing simulation rather than an empirically identified impact evaluation; the reported magnitudes are therefore model-implied effects that hold under the stated assumptions. The results indicate that, compared to the baseline projections, the program is expected to have a tangible positive effect on the economy in the medium term. Relative to the baseline projections, the simulations suggest that the program is associated with a positive contribution to economic activity over the medium term.&nbsp; By applying a policy-costing approach to a government program in Mongolia, this study represents an initial attempt that may serve as a useful starting point for similar analyses.</p> Manlaibaatar Zagdbazar, Gansuld Daashinkhuu, Khashchuluun Chuluundorj, Nomun Enkhbold Copyright (c) 2026 Economics: theory and practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 https://journal.num.edu.mn/econjournal/article/view/11086 Fri, 11 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0800 Малчин өрхийн орлогод үзүүлэх зудын нөлөө: Архангай аймгийн Хотонт сумын жишээн дээр https://journal.num.edu.mn/econjournal/article/view/11087 <p>Энэхүү судалгаа нь Архангай аймгийн Хотонт сумын 56 өрхийн 1999-2001 оны гурван жилийн панел өгөгдөлд тулгуурлан зудын хам нөлөөт (covariate) болон хувь өрхийн (idiosyncratic) шокийн орлогын хэлбэлзэлд үзүүлэх нөлөөг шинжилсэн. Параметрийн бус Kruskal–Wallis шинжилгээний үр дүнгээр зудын жилүүдэд өрхийн орлого болон нийт малын тоо статистикийн хувьд мэдэгдэхүйц буурсан нь зудын шокийн анхны эмпирик нотолгоо болов. Correlated Random Effects (CRE/Mundlak) загвараар бусад хүчин зүйлсийг хянасны дараах үнэлгээ нь зудын хам нөлөөт шок өрхийн орлогод хамгийн хүчтэй, тогтвортой сөрөг нөлөө үзүүлдэг болохыг баталсан. Харин хувь өрхийн түвшний шок болох малын хорогдлын нөлөө нь өрхийн мал аж ахуйн цар хүрээ, суурь орлого, амьжиргааны бүтэц зэргээс хамааран илүү хэлбэлзэлтэй илэрч, мал аж ахуйд бүрэн түшиглэсэн өрхүүд зудын үед илүү эмзэг байгааг interaction хувьсагчид нотлов.</p> <p>Судалгааны үр дүн нь зудын хам нөлөөт шок нь өрхийн дотоод хамгаалалтын механизмд зөөлрөх боломжгүй, макро түвшний хүчтэй эрсдэл болохыг харуулж, мал аж ахуйд суурилсан өрхийн амьжиргааг цаг уурын эрсдэлд өндөр өртөмтгий болгодгийг илтгэв. Бодлогын хувьд зудын хам нөлөөт шокийн эсрэг институцийн түвшний эрсдэлийн хамгаалалт шаардлагатай бөгөөд олон улсын туршлагаар үр ашигтайд тооцогддог Малын индексжүүлсэн даатгал (Index‑Based Livestock Insurance) зэрэг бодлогын хэрэгслийг өргөжүүлэх, хүртээмжийг нэмэгдүүлэх нь зудын дараах орлогын уналтыг зөөлрүүлэхэд чухал ач холбогдолтой. Мөн бэлчээрийн чанар, санхүүгийн нөөц, өрхийн дотоод стратеги зэрэг нэмэлт хувьсагч бүхий урт хугацааны панел өгөгдөл ашиглан зудын нөлөөллийн механизмыг илүү нарийвчлан судлах шаардлагатай байна.</p> Khishigt Dandarchuluun, Enkhjargal Natsagdorj Copyright (c) 2026 Economics: theory and practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 https://journal.num.edu.mn/econjournal/article/view/11087 Fri, 11 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0800 Macroeconomic Effects of Reducing the Statutory Social Security Contribution Rate in Mongolia: Evidence from a Structural VECM https://journal.num.edu.mn/econjournal/article/view/11089 <p>This paper investigates the macroeconomic effects of reducing the statutory social security contribution (SSC) rate in Mongolia using a structurally identified time-series framework. Motivated by recent fiscal pressures and proposed labour market reforms, the study uses quarterly data from 2000Q1 to 2024Q4 and applies a recursive Cholesky identification strategy to assess the short-run macroeconomic effects of an SSC rate cut. Given the presence of unit roots in several variables and evidence of cointegration, a Structural Vector Error Correction Model (SVECM) with two cointegrating vectors is adopted as the preferred specification. This approach corrects for non-stationarity while preserving the recursive identification structure used to identify the SSC policy shock.</p> <p>The policy simulation considers a one-percentage-point reduction in the statutory SSC rate, from 22 percent to 21 percent. The point estimates suggest that the SSC rate cut is associated with a positive cumulative real GDP response of approximately MNT 39.6 billion after eight quarters and MNT 60.0 billion after twelve quarters. The implied fiscal multiplier rises from 0.07 at the four-quarter horizon to 0.28 at twelve quarters, with the cumulative output response becoming statistically significant from the twelfth quarter onward, broadly within the range reported in the international literature on small open and developing economies. The effect on inflation is small and mildly disinflationary, while the lending rate response is modest and the real effective exchange rate shows a slight depreciation supportive of export competitiveness. These findings suggest that SSC rate reductions may provide a moderate short-run stimulus to economic activity, although the estimated magnitudes are subject to uncertainty and should be interpreted as conditional on the chosen SVECM specification and recursive identification assumptions. Overall, the results support the view that carefully designed SSC rate cuts can serve as a countercyclical fiscal policy instrument, provided that fiscal sustainability and social insurance fund balances are also taken into account.</p> Bat Buyantsogt, Esmedekh Lkhanaajav, Tuvshin Banzragch, Lkhamsuren Myagmarsuren Copyright (c) 2026 Economics: theory and practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 https://journal.num.edu.mn/econjournal/article/view/11089 Fri, 11 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0800