Economics: theory and practice

Өмнөх үг

Otgontugs B — 2025-09-13

Өмнөх үг

Асрахуйн эдийн засаг симпозиумын танилцуулга

Maria S. Floro — 2025-05-01

Асрахуйн эдийн засаг гэж юу вэ?

Энэхүү Асрахуйн эдийн засаг симпозиумд багтсан өгүүлэлд өрхүүдийн үзүүлдэг асрахуйн ажлыг илүү сайн ойлгох нь эдийн засаг хэрхэн ажилладаг, мөн аливаа олон нийтэд чиглэсэн бодлого, хөтөлбөрүүд хүссэн үр дүндээ хүрч чадаж байгаа эсэхийг илүү гүнзгий ойлгоход туслах юм. Асрахуйн эдийн засаг нь хүүхэд хооллох, хүүхдэд гэрийн даалгаварт нь туслах, хөгжлийн бэрхшээлтэй гэр бүлийн гишүүнд хувцаслахад туслах гэх мэт шууд халамж үзүүлэх үйл ажиллагаанаас эхлээд хоол хийх, хувцас угаах, ус авах гэх мэт шууд бие биетэйгээ харилцах шаардлагагүй шууд бус халамжийн үйл ажиллагаа зэрэг маш өргөн хүрээтэй үйл ажиллагааг хамардаг [ОУ-ын Хөдөлмөрийн Байгууллага, 2018:6]. Эдгээр үйл ажиллагааны ихэнхийг гэр бүлийн гишүүд эсвэл тусдаа амьдардаг хамаатнууд хийдэг. Мөн түүнчлэн, ашгийн болон ашгийн бус байгууллага, эсвэл ЗГ-ын харьяа халамж, үйлчилгээний байгууллагуудад ажилладаг цалинтай асрагчид гүйцэтгэдэг. Зарим тохиолдолд, ялангуяа бага насны хүүхдийг асрах зэрэг асрамжийн үйлчилгээг ажил олгогч нь эсвэл олон нийтийн байгууллагаас үзүүлж болдог.

Making Use of Time-Use Data to Estimate Elderly Care Needs

Emel Memis — 2025-05-01

The aging population and the increasing need for long-term care for the elderly have led to significant care gaps in countries with underdeveloped care regimes. Social assistance and protection policies to address elderly care needs tend to ignore the costs imposed on households and borne predominantly by women. At the same time, as representative data on the care of the elderly population are not widely available in many countries, it is very difficult to identify needs and estimate demand for elderly care. In this study, we aim to provide estimates of elderly care needs using information provided by time use survey data. Time-use surveys are the main source of information on time spent on care activities, but these surveys are generally repeated every ten years. The Turkish Time Use Survey (TUS) conducted in 2014-2015 includes not only actual time spent on elderly care but also a special module for elderly care in Turkey. In this context, we aim to estimate the demand for elderly care to adapt elderly care patterns to the present based on population statistics and data from the elderly care module of the most recent available data. The methodology we use here can be proposed in other cases with data constraints to identify the need for care.

Mapping the Care System in Mongolia: What do We Know?

Otgontugs B — 2025-05-15

We aimed to map paid and unpaid care work in the context of the national economic,
social assistance and social welfare policy of Mongolia. We used the secondary data including the Mongolian Time Use Survey 2015, 2019, Labor Force Survey 2018, Household
Socio-Economic Survey 2018, health, education sector statistics available at the National
Statistical Office information platform on www.1212.mn, and data and reports published
by the line ministries and international organizations and reveiwed findings by other researchers. Based on the research review, we found that about 30 percent of the central
government budget in 2021 was spent on care services including education, health, and
directly paid cash allowance and financing care homes for elders, children and people with
disabilities. Moreover, the unpaid care sector produces value equal 15.3- 17 percent of the
country’s Gross Domestic Product in 2015 and 2019. We identified data gaps for measuring paid and unpaid care. Mongolia has relatively good data for examining the care
sector, but faces limitations on understanding paid care for elders and disabled people,
particularly the extent of informal paid care, and also informal paid care for children 0-2.9

How are we using time use data in Mongolia?

Otgontugs B — 2025-09-12

Time use surveys can comprehensively measure the time spent by citizens
on daily activities and are an important source of data for studying a variety of socioeconomic
phenomena, including paid and unpaid work, gender inequality, the care
economy, and time poverty. The National Statistical Committee of Mongolia has conducted
a total of six Time Use Surveys since 2000, collecting data from a total of 31,322
households, demonstrating progress in survey methodology, sample representativeness,
and data accessibility. Meanwhile, the research community is using the time use data
extensively, but the lack of using it among policymakers is hindering data-driven decisionmaking
in economic and social policies.This article reviews the political, economic, and
social reasons for implementing the Time Use Surveys in Mongolia, as well as the
research methodology, data use, and implications for policy development, and suggests
ways to use the data more effectively in the future.

DETERMINANTS OF UNPAID LABOR AND HOUSEWORK AND CARE WORK USING TIME USE SURVEY DATA: EVIDENCE FROM RURAL HERDERS OF MONGOLIA

Amarjargal A — 2025-09-13

The aim of this study is to identify the factors influencing time use among
members of rural administrative centers and herding households in Mongolia. Specifically, it
seeks to clarify the impact of various factors on the time allocated to informal employment
(jobs without direct wages) and unpaid household work, such as domestic tasks. To achieve
this, the study analyzed current time-use patterns and their determinants among rural
administrative center residents and herding households, using data from time-use surveys
conducted in 2011, 2015, and 2019, applying simple regression methods. Another objective of
this research is to argue that unpaid labor and unvalued household work should be examined
separately. Although both fall within the informal sector, this study aims to reveal how their
economic implications differ between household roles, particularly in terms of gender. Unpaid
work includes non-market activities such as household chores, child care, and caring for the
elderly and sick family members. The results of the regression analysis show a significant
gender gap in informal employment and unpaid work in rural areas. Compared to women,
men are more likely to engage in unpaid work related to livestock herding and animal
product processing, whereas women devote more time to household chores and caregiving.
Furthermore, unpaid work is strongly associated with educational attainment: individuals
with little or no education are more likely to engage in unpaid work.